Nazi Mass Murder

Interrogation transcript of former Treblinka extermination camp guard SS-Unterscharführer Gustav Münzberger, dated March 31 and April 1, 1960. In his testimony, Münzberger describes the arrival of prisoner transports, the systematic deception used to lead victims to their deaths, the operation of gas chambers powered by engine exhaust and the later cremation of the bodies as part of efforts to erase evidence of the mass killings. Münzberger names key SS personell and Ukrainian auxiliaries involved in the extermination process.

Memo dated June 5, 1942, authored by SS-Hauptsturmführer Willy Just of RSHA office II D 3 a (Motor Vehicle Department of the Security Police) on technical modifications to the gas vans used in mass killing operations. Just reports that "since December 1941 97,000 have been processed using 3 deployed vehicles, without any defects occurring in the vehicles" and "the known explosion in Kulmhof (Chełmno) is to be considered an isolated case due to an operating error". He proposes the following "technical modifications to the special vehicles currently in operation and those under production", among other things ventilation slots on the upper rear wall to allow "a rapid inflow of CO without causing overpressure". The proposal was reviewed by Walther Rauff, head of the Motor Vehicle Department…

Interrogation protocol of Kurt Franz, a former member of Sonderkommando Reinhard and deputy commander and later commander of the Treblinka extermination camp. In his testimony, Franz discusses the Euthanasia facilities as well as the Belzec and Treblinka extermination camps, downplayed his role in the extermination sites as “logistical” and overseeing Ukrainian guards.

The Swiss cardiologist and medical captain Robert Hegglin participated in the so-called third medical mission of the Swiss Red Cross, which took place in Riga, Daugavpils, and Pskov between 18 June and 26 September 1942. Over the course of several months, he documented his experiences in detail in his diary—from train journeys through ravaged Latvia and Russia to clinical cases in overstretched hospitals. Among his most entries is a report on the mass shootings of Jews in Nazi-occupied Latvia: "…based on the reports available to me from German soldiers, officers, and Latvians, that nearly 100,000 Jews have been shot in the Riga area alone since the German occupation. […] If the Germans truly require such bloody atrocities, then they are unfit to become the masters of Europe.”

On March 16, 1946, Rudolf Höss, the former commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, gave a statement while in British capture. In this confession, he stated that he "personally arranged on orders received from Himmler in May 1941 the gassing of two million persons".

Copy of a letter dated October 27, 1943, from SS-Gruppenführer Odilo Globocnik to SS-Gruppenführer von Herff of the SS Personnel Office on the personnel assigned to his office during his tenure as SS and Police Leader in Lublin. Globocnik reports a total staff of 405 men, including 92 personnel assigned "from the Führer’s Chancellery for the execution of Aktion Reinhard" – a reference to the Nazi operation responsible for the mass murder of Jews in occupied Poland through the extermination camps at Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka. The letter further notes that "Einsatz Reinhardt has been completely discontinued".

On September 1, 1944, Swiss envoy Hans Frölicher sent a letter to Swiss Foreign Minister Marcel Pilet-Golaz reporting on news he had picked up in Berlin. According to information from the SD (Security Service), the fugitive head of the Reich Criminal Police Office and former chief of Einsatzgruppe B, Arthur Nebe, was "carrying a large amount of material with him – notably orders concerning the extermination of Jews, the shooting of hostages, and other punitive actions". At the time, the SD feared he might hand this evidence over to the Allies. In reality, however, Nebe had not fled abroad – he was hiding near Berlin and was eventually captured by the Gestapo in January 1945. Footage of a mass gassing carried out by Einsatzkommando 8 of Einsatzgruppe B was discovered in his Berlin apartment…

On July 5, 1944, Horst Wagner, head of Jewish affairs at the German Foreign Office, sent critical information in a letter to SS-Obergruppenführer Ernst Kaltenbrunner, chief of the Security Police and SD. Wagner shared an intercepted radio message between the British Embassy in Bern and the Foreign Office in London. According to the intercepted communication, a Hungarian official had reported that "nearly half of the total 800,000 Jews in Hungary have already been deported" and were "being sent to the death camp at Birkenau near Oswiecim in Upper Silesia." The message urged immediate military action – "bombing of the railway lines from Hungary to Birkenau" and "strikes on the facilities of the death camps" to disrupt the extermination operations.

The Event Report USSR No. 101 was issued by the Secret State Police on December 19, 1941. According to the report, over 17,000 Jews were killed in a series of so-called "special actions" by Einsatzgruppe B in November – December 1941. For example, it reported that in Bobruisk "a total of 5,281 Jews of both sexes were shot."

In late 1942, several thousand Poles were deported from Zamosc, Poland, following Nazi racial classifications that determined their fate. This process was part of Himmler’s directive on November 12, 1942, to make Zamosc the "first German settlement area in the Generalgouvernement". Those deemed racially "inferior" were sent to Auschwitz, with a transport of 644 individuals departing Zamosc on December 10, 1942. On December 16, SS-Untersturmführer Heinrich Kinna from the migration central offic, wrote a report on the transport. He summarized his conversation with Auschwitz deputy commandant Hans Aumeier, who disclosed that "Imbeciles, idiots, cripples, and sick people must be removed from the camp promptly through liquidation to unburden the camp. This measure, however, encounters complica…

Radio message from the Gendarmerie District Ostrowo to the Gendarmerie post in Adelnau, dated May 16, 1942. The message reported that “six Jews escaped from a transport in Eichstätt”. Eichstätt, known in Polish as Dąbie, is the closest town to Kulmhof (Chełmno) extermination camp, approximately 6 km southeast of Chełmno nad Nerem.

Memo on a telephone call on 17 February 1943 between Topf engineers Karl Schultze and Fritz Sander, in which Sander noted that the "ventilation blower No. 450 for the gas cellar" (Gaskeller) of the crematorium 2 in Auschwitz- Birkenau could not be located. Schultze requested that the blower should be produced on an expedited basis and dispatched, as it "is urgently required" in Auschwitz.

On February 3, 1944, Eichmann's office dispatched a letter, signed by the head of the RSHA, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, to Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. The letter sought a decision regarding the handling of SS and police personnel implicated in the escape of Jewish prisoners from Sonderkommando 1005 at Fort Kauen (Kaunas in Lithuanian). Kaltenbrunner asked that "the matter be concluded within our jurisdiction", keeping the the SS and police judiciary out of it to prevent "another group of persons gaining insight into the operation of the Sonderkommando". Led by Paul Blobel, Sonderkommando 1005, was tasked with the responsibility of erasing evidence of Nazi atrocities in the East by exhuming and incinerating bodies from mass graves.

The memo dated April 5, 1943, from Adolf Windecker (Representative of the Foreign Office to the Reich Commissioner for the Eastern Territories) discusses the "treatment of Jews of foreign nationality in the Eastern Territories." It specifies that all Jews confined to ghettos cannot be deported to other countries due to "significant security police concerns." Windecker acknowledges the large-scale killings in Riga noting that "many thousands of the local and Reich German Jews in the Riga area have been shot over time." As a result, he questions the feasibility of using any Jews for exchange purposes, as he fears that doing so would "be exploited abroad as evidence of the executions carried out here."

On October 2, 1941, Office IV of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) issued Event Report USSR No. 101 (Ereignismeldung UdSSR Nr. 101). Einsatzgruppe C reported on the massacre at the Babyn Yar (Babi Yar) near Kiev that Paul Blobel's Sonderkommando 4a "executed 33,771 Jews in Kiev on September 29 and 30, 1941". Meanwhile, Einsatzgruppe D stated that "between September 16 and 30, 22,467 Jews and Communists were executed, bringing the total to 35,782".

On 11 January 1943, SS-Sturmbannführer Hermann Höfle, coordinator of Operation Reinhard(t), sent top-secret telegrams on its death toll to SS officials Adolf Eichmann at the RSHA in Berlin and Franz Heim at the Security Police in Kraków. These messages – intercepted by the British – provide precise data on the mass deportations – totaling 1,274,166 Jewish victims – to the extermination camps at Belzec (B), Sobibor (S), Treblinka (T), and the Majdanek / Lublin (L) concentration camp by the end of 1942.

On June 22, 1943, the Forschungsstelle A Litzmannstadt – a local intelligence branch under Hermann Göring's Secret Service – issued a classified report on the dissolution of the Kulmhof (Chełmno) extermination camp by April 1, 1942. The camp served a destination for "Jews unfit for labor from the Warthegau, especially from the Litzmannstadt Ghetto". The document further notes that"the police guards there were ordered to exhume the Jews buried in a small forest near Kulmhof and to burn them in specially constructed ovens".

On September 22, 1943, the Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler issued a directive on the accounting of the "Reinhard 1" account due to the transfer of SS-Gruppenführer Odilo Globocnik to Trieste / Italy. Himmler ordered that Globocnik, who was responsible for the Operation Reimhardt in the General Gouvernement, oversee the Reinhard 1 account until December 31, 1943, at which point it would be handed over to a representative of SS-Obergruppenführer Oswald Pohl, head of the SS-WVHA.

A form sheet by SS-Sturmbannführer Hermann Höfle dated July 18, 1942, on the individual's responsibilities and strict secrecy surrounding their assignment "for carrying out tasks in connection with the Jewish resettlement as part of 'Operation Reinhardt'". The document mandates that "under no circumstances am I to communicate … any information regarding the course, execution, or incidents of the Jewish resettlement". It further emphasizes that all operations associated with Jewish resettlement are classified as "a Secret Reich Matter" and "prohibits any photography within the camps of Operation Reinhardt".

In 1942, the SS Main Office pursued an investigation into Oskar Dirlewanger, commander of the notorious penal unit, Sonderkommando Dirlewanger. The charges, raised by the SD and the SS and Police Court in Cracow, included racial defilement, abuse of his men, extortion, illegal hunting and confiscations, unlawful arrests, and unauthorized killings within the General Government. During his interrogation on September 1, 1942, Dirlewanger told the SS court martial officer that the KdS Lublin was overwhelmed by the volume of Jews to be executed. He stated that, in November 1941, Odilo Globocnik, SS and Police Leader of the Lublin district, ordered that these detainees be transferred to him for execution. Initially, Dirlewanger "had these Jews shot"; however, later "they were then injected with…

In this letter dated March 4, 1942, the Reichsarzt SS Ernst-Robert Grawitz describes the medical condition and recovery process of the Higher SS and Police Leader for the central zone in Russia Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, whose role in leading executions in the East left mental scars. Grawitz notes that von dem Bach suffered from "severe nervous exhaustion…from thoughts related to the executions of Jews that he himself oversaw".

On February 13, 1942, Reinhard Heydrich's adjutant, SS-Hauptsturmführer Hans-Achim Ploetz, forwarded a report from Einsatzgruppe A to the staff of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler on the "defeatist" remarks made by SS-Sturmbannführer and Oberstleutnant Arno von Kriegsheim. Among other statements, Kriegsheim expressed that "executing Jews is unworthy of a German." The report also noted that "similar statements, albeit in less severe forms, were made by almost all the officers of the Commander of the Rear Army Area North during the first months of the Eastern campaign."

Letter dated February 14, 1944, regarding the Nazi administration's plans for the liquidation of the Litzmannstadt (Łódź) ghetto, one of the largest Jewish ghettos in occupied Poland. In this document, Reich Governor of the Warthegau, Arthur Greiser, informs Oswald Pohl, head of the SS Administrative Main Office (SS-WVHA), that the ghetto's population "will be reduced to a minimum". Greiser specifies that the "reduction will be carried out by the Sonderkommando of SS-Hauptsturmführer Bothmann," who will be "withdrawn from his mission in Croatia and made available to the Gau Wartheland again".

Paul Wurm, the Foreign Editor of the Nazi propaganda newspaper Der Stürmer and head of the so-called "Anti-Jewish World League," wrote a letter on October 23, 1941, to Franz Rademacher, the Foreign Office's expert on Jewish affairs. In this letter, Wurm mentioned a recent encounter with "an old party comrade" who was actively involved in implementing the "resolution of the Jewish Question" in the East. According to Wurm, this old party comrade disclosed that "much will be destroyed of the Jewish vermin through special measures".

After the shooting of Generalleutnant Fritz von Brodowski while in Allied captivity on 28 October 1944, the Nazis retaliated by executing French Major General Gustave Mesny "while attempting to escape" on 19 January 1945. In a letter dated 30 December 1944, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, chief of the Security Police, officially proposed to Himmler also the option that "carbon monoxide be introduced into the sealed rear compartment of the vehicle via an apparatus operated from the driver's seat".

On September 18, 1941, Heinrich Himmler sent a letter to Arthur Greiser, Gauleiter of the Warthegau, conveying Hitler's request that the Old Reich and the Protectorate be "cleared and freed from Jews from west to east as soon as possible." In line with this policy, Himmler ordered the deportation of 60,000 Jews from the Old Reich to the Litzmannstadt Ghetto in occupied Poland.

On July 19, 1942, Heinrich Himmler, the Reichsführer of the SS, issued a directive ordering the complete "resettlement of the entire Jewish population of the General Government" to be carried out by December 31, 1942. The order specified that no persons of Jewish origin were to remain in the area after this date, except those confined in designated "collection camps" located in Warsaw, Krakow, Częstochowa, Radom, or Lublin. Himmler emphasized that this action was "in the interest of the security and cleanliness of the German Reich and its spheres of interest."

In a directive dated January 26, 1945, SS-Standartenführer Walter Albath, Inspector of the Security Police and SD in Düsseldorf, issued orders to the Secret State Police Offices concerning the "special treatment" of foreign workers in Wehrkreis VI. Albath instructed that "requests for special treatment in a concentration camp should no longer be submitted" and authorized the State Police Offices to carry out such measures "discreetly, including by shooting."

On December 18, 1941, Heinrich Himmler recorded a meeting with Adolf Hitler at the Führerhauptquartier (Wolfsschanze) in his Diensttagebuch (service diary). The brief entry reads: "Jewish Question. | To be exterminated as partisans." The date marks a critical moment in the evolution of Nazi policy toward European Jews. Just days earlier, Hitler had announced the decision to physically exterminate the Jewish population within the Nazi sphere of influence. The phrase "To be exterminated as partisans" noted by Himmler reflects an attempt to frame the genocide as a necessary wartime measure against alleged enemies and subversive elements. The general accusation was intended to justify collective destruction.

Proposal for the Award of the War Merit Cross II Class with Swords by the Gestapo Headquarters in Posen, dated June 16, 1943. This document lists four members of Sonderkommando Kulmhof operating Chełmno extermination camp – Herbert Hiecke-Richter, Walter Burmeister, and gas van drivers Oskar Hering and Gustav Laabs – who were involved in the "direct combat and extermination of state enemies." Their actions are described as requiring "a particularly manly and strong mental attitude" in service of "solving one of the most critical racial issues".

On August 1, 1941, Reich Minister Alfred Rosenberg led a high-level meeting to discuss the governance of Nazi-occupied territories in Eastern Europe. Hinrich Lohse, the Reichskommissar for Ostland and Gauleiter of Schleswig-Holstein, reported that "approximately 10,000 Jews had been liquidated by the Lithuanian population". Lohse emphasized that, following Hitler’s directive, "the Jews should be completely removed from this area".

Interrogation report dated September 30, 1942, documenting the questioning of SS-Oberscharführer Heinrich Feiertag by an SS court officer regarding allegations against Oskar Dirlewanger, infamous leader of the "Sonderkommando Dirlewanger", known for its brutality on the Eastern Front. In his testimony, Feiertag acknowledged "hearing rumors about the poisoning of Jews with strychnine". When confronted with accusations that he was involved in producing soap from human fat, he dismissed them as “slander spoken against me" and stated, "I only shot one Jew, so I would have been lacking material of this origin".

In May 1943, Walter Schellenberg, head of RSHA Office VI (Ausland – SD-Ausland), informed the German Foreign Office of Britain’s plan to publish a "White Paper on the alleged German atrocities against Jews and Catholics in Poland." The Nazis feared that the Vatican might supply the British with supporting evidence that leaked "during a visit by an Italian group to Russia, material relating to this matter could have made its way to Italy".

The Feldscher Aktion, named after Swiss diplomat Peter Anton Feldscher, represented a significant diplomatic effort by the British government during World War II to secure the emigration of 5,000 Jewish individuals, primarily children, from Nazi-controlled territories. In a memo dated May 5, 1944, Eberhard von Thadden, the Jewish Affairs Referent of the German Foreign Office, noted that “the Reich Security Main Office confidentially communicated that the 5,000 Jewish children eligible for emigration were now only available in the Litzmannstadt ghetto. However, this ghetto would soon be dissolved by order of the Reichsführer-SS."

Between 20 and 29 September 1942, an Italian delegation led by Fascist Party secretary Aldo Vidussoni traveled from Milan through Litzmannstadt, Brest-Litowsk, Minsk, and Kharkov, reaching Millerovo near Rostov. Vidussoni's account, recorded in Mussolini's Secretariat documents, notes that "in Minsk, at the Opera Theater, we saw the belongings of thousands and thousands of murdered Jews piled up" and that "what struck the Italians the most was the method of killing". In mid-May 1943, the German Foreign Office learnt about the incident from a report that Wilhelm Kube, the Generalkommissar for Belarus, had shown the Italian fascist delegation in Minsk "a gas chamber where the killing of Jews was supposedly carried out." At the time, in September 1942, homicidal gas vans were actively operati…

On 8 July 1942, Albert Plate from the Sonderkommando Kulmhof discussed with the Ghetto Lodz Administration regarding the supply of cement, iron girders, and railroad tracks necessary for constructing open-air cremation furnaces in the forest camp of the extermination site. The Sonderkommando required a total of 30 tons of iron. In turn, Plate committed provision of 2,000 kg of diesel fuel to the Ghetto Lodz Administration to fuel the trucks used for transporting the belongings of murdered Jews to the sorting camp in Pabianice. Later, Ghetto Administration head Hans Biebow confirmed with Sonderkommando leader Hans Bothmann that they would receive 5,000 liters each of gasoline and diesel fuel.

Memo by SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Strickner, head of RSHA Department III (Volkstum, or Ethnicity), analyzing occupation policy from 1939 to 1944 and outlining considerations for reorganizing Polish policy. The document, dated October 18, 1944, explores various approaches to manage the Polish population, with a particular focus on the Generalgouvernement. Strickner notes that "a final and official decision on the ultimate fate of the Polish people was not reached" and the Polish people "fear that they, similar to the Jewish people, are to be annihilated in their ethnic substance."

Operation Reinhardt (also Reinhard), a Nazi campaign to exterminate Jews in the Generalgouvernement region of occupied Poland, systematically seized the property of Jewish victims. According to a report by the Cash Office of Operation Reinhardt, a total of 178,745,960.59 Reichsmarks (RM) was confiscated from April 1, 1942, to December 15, 1943. The report is a supplementary to the report by Odilo Globocnik on the Economic Part of Operation Reinhard enclosed to his letter to the Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler dated January 5, 1944.

On December 29, 1942, SS-Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler delivered a report to Adolf Hitler, mentioning the execution of 363,211 Jews within only four months, between August and November of that year. Himmler’s report, known as report no. 51 to the Führer on Bandit Fighting, provides one of the clearest examples of high-level documentation of the Holocaust.

On April 16, 1943, Hans Biebow, head of the Nazi's Łódź (Litzmannstadt) Ghetto Administration, penned a letter to Friedrich Ribbe regarding the retrieval of a "transmission belt" promised by Sonderkommando Kulmhof. His letter contained a revealing remark that inadvertently exposed the Ghetto Administration's complicity in the Chełmno extermination process: "The Gestapo has us to thank that the operation out there in K[ulmhof] ran smoothly." Biebow urged Ribbe to discuss the issue with Alfons Rosse, the deputy head of the Gestapo in Litzmannstadt. Ribbe's inquiry revealed that the transmission belt is no longer available, as it has been taken by SS-Standartenführer Paul Blobel, the commander of Aktion 1005.

On 15 July 1942, SS-Obersturmbannführer Ernst Fick, commander of the Sennheim training camp, requested a portable flamethrower unit from the SS Cavalry Brigade at the Waffen-SS training camp in Dębica to be provided to SS-Standartenführer Paul Blobel's Sonderkommando 1005. Blobel subsequently tested the effectiveness of the flamethrower for corpse disposal at the Chełmno/Kulmhof extermination camp.

According to a radio message from September 15, 1942 and a trip report dated September 17, 1942, on 16 September 1942, a delegation from Auschwitz — consisting of Commandant SS-Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Höß, SS-Untersturmführer Franz Hößler, who was responsible for clearing mass graves, and SS-Untersturmführer Walther Dejaco from the Central Construction Office — visited Litzmannstadt to inspect "the test station for field ovens as part of Aktion Reinhard", i.e. the open air cremation furnaces at the Kulmhof / Chełmno extermination camp The group examined the "special facility" and discussed its implementation at Auschwitz with SS-Standartenführer Paul Blobel. Blobel also ordered the delivery of "construction materials" and reserved a "ball mill for substances for Auschwitz concentration…

Between 1940 and 1942, Franz Heinrich Bock served as Mayor and Official Commissioner of the Polish village of Poddębice. During this period, he kept a detailed diary documenting his experiences in Nazi occupied Poland, which was later published in 1961 under the pseudonym Alexander Hohenstein, with names of people and places changed (Poddębice became "Poniatowec"). On May 12, 1942, Bock described the visit of an SS officer to Poddębice, who came to oversee the collection of belongings left behind by the deported Jews. During their conversation, the SS officer disclosed that the Jews were killed in "specially constructed trucks" that "quickly and painlessly" kill those inside. The following day, Bock traveled to the Łódź Ghetto Administration to negotiate financial compensation for the depo…

On June 28, 1943, the Central Construction Office Auschwitz wrote a report addressed to the SS-WVHA on the completion of the third crematorium at Auschwitz-Birkenau. The document was written by SS-Untersturmführer Josef Janisch and prepared for the signature of SS-Sturmbannführer Karl Bischoff, head of the office. According to the report, Crematoria II and III each had the ability to cremate "1,440 persons" per day, while Crematoria IV and V could handle "768 persons" per day. Combined with the older crematorium at Auschwitz I, the camp’s total daily capacity reached "4,756 persons".

Wilm Hosenfeld, a German officer stationed in Warsaw during World War II, recounts in a diary entry of 23 July 1942 the actions of the German occupation, particularly the extermination of Jewish communities in occupied and annexed Polish territories. Hosenfeld learned specifically that "From Litzmannstadt and Kutno, it is said that Jews – men, women, and children – are poisoned in mobile gas vans, their clothes stripped from their corpses, and their bodies thrown into mass graves, with the clothing being sent to textile factories for reuse".

In June and July 1942, the Ghetto Łódź Administration delivered large quantities of chlorinated lime and cement to the Sonderkommando at Kulmhof, according to the invoices addressed to the Secret State Police S[Sonderkommando] and internal correspondence of the administration. The materials were picked up by truck at the loading point at Baluter Ring (Balucki Rynek). For instance , on 21 July 1942 Sonderkommando member Erich Kretschmar confirmed the "receipt of 100 sacks of cement (one hundred) from the warehouse of the Ghetto Administration at Baluterring for the SS special operation". The chlorinated lime was used to disinfect the mass burial sites, the cement was required for constructing the furnaces used for body disposal.

In March 1942, the Inspector of the Health Service under the Reich Commissary for the Consolidation of German Folk ordered 1,641 kg of chlorinated lime, which was commonly used as a disinfectant. The delivery was processed by Kopernikus Pharmacy in Posen and billed on 31 March 1942. The payment for the shipment, which was unloaded at Warthbrücken, the nearest train station to the Kulmhof extermination camp (Chełmno), was made through the special account of the Ghetto Administration in Litzmannstadt (Łódź Ghetto) through which the extermination camp was funded.

Report by Topf & Söhne engineer Fritz Sander, dated September 14, 1942, on the new construction of incineration ovens for concentration camps. Sander points out the "high demand for cremation ovens" especially in Auschwitz", where "they resort to using a large number of ovens or muffles and overloading the individual muffles with multiple corpses". Furthermore, the practice that "multiple corpses must be packed into the muffle simultaneously…will likely cause damage to the relatively delicate muffle brickwork."

Memo by Topf & Söhne engineer Kurt Prüfer regarding a phone call with the SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt (SS Economic and Administrative Main Office) on September 8, 1942. Prüfer reports that the Auschwitz concentration camp is planning for cremation ovens with a total capacity to incinerate 2,650 corpses per day. However, he notes that "this number of muffles is still not sufficient; we are to deliver more ovens as quickly as possible."

Report of SS-Untersturmführer Fritz Ertl, dated August 21, 1942 about a meeting with engineers Kurt Prüfer and Robert Köhler in Auschwitz from August 19 and 20, 1942. The report discusses the "installation of two 3-muffle ovens at the bathing installations for special actions", an euphemism for the Bunker extermination sites.