Post-War Testimony

Witness testimonies provided after the Second World War and the Holocaust

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Interrogation protocol & photograph of Georg Michalsen
Post-War Testimony

1961-01-24 / Testimony of SS Officer Georg Michalsen On the 1942 Warsaw Ghetto Clearing

On January 24, 1961, West German prosecutors interrogated Georg Michalsen, a former SS officer involved in Ghetto liquidations in the Generalgouvernement. In his testimony, Michalsen stated that he was deployed alongside Hermann Höfle as part of the so-called “resettlement staff” tasked with overseeing the clearing of the Warsaw Ghetto in the summer of 1942. He describes how Jews were rounded up, concentrated at the Umschlagplatz, and sent by train to their deaths. Though he claims he did not know the deportees were being killed “at the beginning,” he admits that he soon “found out during the operation”. He further stated that”other members of our unit and those involved in the resettlement also eventually learned what the real fate of the Jews was”.

1st page of interrogation transcript dated April 1, 1960 on Treblinka Extermination Camp
Post-War Testimony

1960-03-31 / Testimony of SS Guard Gustav Münzberger on Treblinka Extermination Camp

Interrogation transcript of former Treblinka extermination camp guard SS-Unterscharführer Gustav Münzberger, dated March 31 and April 1, 1960. In his testimony, Münzberger describes the arrival of prisoner transports, the systematic deception used to lead victims to their deaths, the operation of gas chambers powered by engine exhaust and the later cremation of the bodies as part of efforts to erase evidence of the mass killings. Münzberger names key SS personell and Ukrainian auxiliaries involved in the extermination process.

Post-War Testimony

Testimony of Freigang, Adele on Kulmhof (Chełmno) Extermination Camp (16 April, 1962)

On April 16, 1962, Adele Freigang, former resident of the village Chełmno nad Nerem (Kulmhof), provided a detailed testimony to West-German investigators . In autumn 1941, Freigang heard rumors of a Gestapo commando in Kulmhof, which later seized several key buildings. Reports surfaced about transports of Jewish people, initially believed to be going through a transit camp but later revealed to be destined for extermination. The victims were killed in gas vans, and their bodies disposed of in the nearby forest.

1st page of interrogation of Walter Burmeister on Kulmhof / Chelmno Extermination Camp
Post-War Testimony

Testimony of Burmeister, Walter on Kulmhof Extermination Camp

Interrogation protocol of Walter Burmeister, former member of the SS-Sonderkommando Kulmhof, dated 24 January 1961, recorded in Flensburg on his participation and experiences in the extermination camp Kulmhof (Chełmno). According to this, in late 1941, Burmeister was assigned to drive Hauptsturmführer Herbert Lange to Kulmhof (Chełmno), where a special unit was being formed for the extermination of Jews and others. He described his duties, which included managing the kitchen, driving duties, and distributing special rations. He also detailed the killing operations at Kulmhof, including the use of gas vans to murder victims. Burmeister admitted to giving deceptive speeches to victims about to be killed and driving gas vans. He claimed he could not recall his thoughts or motivations at the time, nor could he explain why he did not resist the orders.

Ismer Chelmno Kulmhof
Post-War Testimony

Testimony of Ismer, Fritz on Kulmhof / Chełmno Extermination Camp

Interrogation protocol of Fritz Ismer, former member of the SS-Sonderkommando Kulmhof, dated 9 November 1960, recorded in West-Berlin. Ismer mentions his transfer to Kulmhof (Chełmno) under SS-Hauptsturmführer Lange and describes the mass murder using gas vans and burial in mass graves. He admits that he handled the valuables taken from victims but denied participation in violence. In spring 1942, cremation ovens were built for burning of the bodies in the mass graves. Ismer also mentions SS-Standartenführer Blobel, who directed the open air cremations.

Hans Staegemeir Stägemeir
Post-War Testimony

Testimony of Staegemeir, Hans on Kulmhof extermination camp

Certified copy of interrogation protocol of former forester Hans Staegemeir, dated 30 August 1961, recorded in Paderborn (West-Germany) on his experiences and observations on the extermination of Jews near Kulmhof (Chełmno). Staegemeir was appointed as a district forester to Wartheland and witnessed unusual and secretive operations involving the transportation of Jewish people and the ominous presence of gas vans. The area was heavily policed and eventually fenced off and raised suspicions among local forestry officials. Staegemeir described the regular shuttle movement of sealed, gray vehicles that resembled small furniture vans, intensifying in frequency, sometimes every 10 minutes. His observations are also recalled in Heinrich May’s manuscript on Kulmhof from early 1945.

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